MOTIVATION

Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It represents the reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa. A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are."

Motivation can be conceived of as a cycle in which thoughts influence behaviors, behaviors drive performance, performance impacts thoughts, and the cycle begins again. Each stage of the cycle is composed of many dimensions including attitudes, beliefs, intentions, effort, and withdrawal which can all affect the motivation that an individual experiences.

The idea that human beings are rational and human behavior is guided by reason is an old one. However, recent research has significantly undermined the idea of homo economicus or of perfect rationality in favour of a more bounded rationality. The field of behavioural economics is particularly concerned with the limits of rationality in economic agents.

LEADERSHIP

Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill, regarding the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations . Controversial viewpoints are present in the literature, among Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also within the West, on US vs. European approaches. In US academic environments leadership is defined as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task".  Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved both by communitarian goals but also by the search for personal power. 

As the European researcher Daniele Trevisani states:

"Leadership is a holistic spectrum that can arise from: (1) higher levels of physical power, need to display power and control others, force superiority, ability to generate fear, or group-member's need for a powerful group protector (Primal Leadership), (2) superior mental energies, superior motivational forces, perceivable in communication and behaviors, lack of fear, courage, determination (Psychoenergetic Leadership), (3) higher abilities in managing the overall picture (Macro-Leadership), (4) higher abilities in specialized tasks (Micro-Leadership), (5) higher ability in managing the execution of a task (Project Leadership), and (6) higher level of values, wisdom, and spirituality (Spiritual Leadership), where any Leader derives its Leadership from a unique mix of one or more of the former factors". 

Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence, among others. 

TEAM WORK

In healthcare, teamwork is "a dynamic process involving two or more healthcare professionals with complementary background and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising concerted physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient care".

In a business setting, accounting techniques may be used to provide financial measures of the benefits of teamwork which are useful for justifying the concept. Health-care policy-makers increasingly advocate teamwork as a means of assuring quality and safety in the delivery of services a committee of the Institute of Medicine recommended in 2000 that patient-safety programs "establish interdisciplinary team training programs for providers that incorporate proven methods of team training, such as simulation."

In health care, a systematic concept analysis in 2008 concluded teamwork to be "a dynamic process involving two or more healthcare professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising concerted physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient care."  Elsewhere teamwork is defined as "those behaviors that facilitate effective team member interaction", with "team" defined as "a group of two or more individuals who perform some work related task, interact with one another dynamically, have a shared past, have a foreseeable shared future, and share a common fate". Another definition for teamwork proposed in 2008 is "the interdependent components of performance required to effectively coordinate the performance of multiple individuals"; as such, teamwork is "nested within" the broader concept of team performance, which also includes individual-level task work.  A 2012 review of the academic literature found that the word "teamwork" has been used "as a catchall to refer to a number of behavioral processes and emergent states".

chapter - 10

In this chapter a Grammar is the tool we use to tie all our ideas together. Process of developing flow of thought from sentence to sentence is called as elaboration. It involves 3 steps: choosing the core idea, choosing the way we want to elaborate it, choosing the way we are going to bridge it into core idea. Words combine to form images, then images combine to form the sentence, sentence combined to form the core ideas and this is elaboration. The process of elaboration is explained here.

New things that I have learnt from this chapter:

1.       It is important to look into the following:

·         What is the core idea

·         How is it elaborated

·         How is it summarized

2.       How is it transferred to write core idea Certain obvious rule that should be followed but usually are not:

·         Each step should be made small as possible

·         In proper order

·         All the steps should be included

·         Use of proper connector

·         Goal of the process should be mentioned in the beginning

3.       Meaning of logic

4.       We should express the changes in focus while beginning a new  sentences.

5.       Elaboration involves 3 steps

6.       Two ways of elaborating

·         Reason why

·         Narrative sequence

Things that I already knew about, that were given in the chapter:

·         If we are dealing with complicated process that requires number of short, separate steps.

·         Process of developing flow of thought from sentence to sentese is called elaboration.

·         Paragraph are the collection of sentences, it also has upper limit

·         Both grammar and connector are concerned with one goal- to transfer thought into other’s mind.

·         When we shift from one core idea to other, we change the focus. It is arbitrary

·         Instruction is the process of teaching someone how to do something.

·         Emphasis on certain thoughts can be made to stand out if they have their own paragraph.

·         Start with the fact that is known and combine them to gain facts that were unknown when we started

Mistakes made when answering the questions given at the end of the chapter:

·         Not able to understand the questions

·         Solved questions in group.

·         My other team members got different answers from mine

Concept that I used in blog post that I already written:

In my blog I wrote about attitude,behavior etc  First I gave the introduction to this topic in 1^st paragraph. Its all about introduction only. Then I went on explain the each important points of that topic.

Concept applied to other subjects:

Instruction is the process of teaching someone how to do something. It consists of presenting a number of steps, one after another, so that a task my be completed correctly from begging to the end.

chapter - 9

In this chapter showed what is wit, symbolism and suspense and how to build it into our writing. It also showed how to use clarity principle. Only when we make it clear our purpose of communication is met.

New things that I have learnt from this chapter:

§  Once we see the source of this wit, we can start seeking out such pivot words too.

§  Pun gives 2 meaning- we get the meaning of the original sentence and get the meaning of new sentences

§   Each of the picture word had only one meaning. As they are used over the century, they picked up second, third and even more meaning.

§  Pivot words are the special title to multiple meaning word

§  Wit is the humorous change in a pivot word, in mid- image from one meaning to another

§  Clarity results when we restricts a pilot word to only 1 meaning

§  Whole range of reinforcing double meanings contained in single word - metaphor

Things that I already knew about, that were given in the chapter:

§  Use of suspense, wit, metaphors, symbolism, and allegory adds style t our writing.

§  Different kind of meaning was chosen to give different effect

§  Grammar imperceptibly blends into literature

§  Clarity results when we restrict a pilot word to only one meaning

§  Ambiguity results when we restrict a pilot word to more than one meaning.

Mistakes made when answering the questions given at the end of the chapter:

Yet to look into it.

How can I apply this concept

     This concept can be applied in all my subjects. This chapter helped me to improve my communication and also writing skills. This i can apply when im making the presentations and writing the assignments.

chapter - 8

We can make our communication immediately understanding by making it simple and clear. In this chapter we added clarity technique to the simplicity technique and made sure that our images cant be misunderstood. It also says the importance of communication . Without picture word your sentences is empty and without connecting word they are misunderstood.

The concept which i already knew

*        The big problem with the picture word is that most of them have more than one meaning.

*        Our reader must know which of the image to use when a sentence has more than one image

*        Marvelously funny image comes out of the sentence at the first reading

*        Condensing connector is a single word like him, her, them etc.

New things that I have learnt from this chapter

*        Without picture word our sentence is empty and without connecting word they are misunderstood.

*        Process of building our sentences include picking out our images and then pick out the relationships we want to show between them.

*        When the relationships  In sentences are immediately understood by our reader then our they  are simple

*        If our images are immediately understood by our reader then our sentences are clear

Mistakes 

 I dint look into the questions. How can i apply this concept in my Blog Communication is the act of transmitting our own understanding to someone else

Concept that I applied

We can make our communication immediately understanding by making it simple and clear I want to connect this to presentation made on the day of national conference in our college by one of our seniors. She made her presentation clear by explaining all  the important points and simple by using not much sentences in it. It was a nice presentation and it could be easily understood.

chapter - 7

Learning’s from chapter:

·         Ways to avoid the monotony.

·         If words used in the sentences are difficult, sentences must be short.      

In the sentences, simplicity must be balanced with other less important sentences.

Mistakes  made during solving the problems

    Not concentrated much on it.

Concept which i used in blog        
   
       in making sentence structure simple and use of similar sentence structure often may  intrude upon the readers intention.in this chapter is something footnote to the earlier one. Because we now know the importance of simplicity. But in building simplicity we may airs another danger of monotony.

Concept which i already knew
   
       concept which I already now but when I learnt how to take sentence so repetitious and short that they were annoying the reader and transform them into longer sentence. It also explains how simplicity is vital that variety.

How can i apply this concept

         
          I can apply this concept in all my subjects. In this chapter i learnt how to use repeated words and make sentence lengthier. Though long sentences gives variety to your sentence.